Liquid metal jetting is highly stable and repeatable, but extremely challenging to model.
A team of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) scientists has simulated the droplet-ejection process in an emerging metal 3D-printing technique called “liquid metal jetting” (LMJ), a critical aspect to the continued advancement of liquid metal printing technologies.
In their paper, which was published in the journal Physics of Fluids, the team describes the simulating of metal droplets during LMJ, a novel process in which molten droplets of liquid metal are jetted from a nozzle to 3D-print a part in layers. The process does not require lasers or metal powder and is more similar to inkjet printing techniques.
Using the model, researchers studied the primary breakup dynamics of the metal droplets, essential to improving the understanding of LMJ. LMJ has advantages over powder-based approaches in that it provides a wider material set and does not require production or handling of potentially hazardous powders, researchers said.
“We don’t currently have a good understanding of all of the physics that occur right when the droplet breaks off from the metal jet,” says co-author Andy Pascall. “This model points to additional physical mechanisms that might need to be considered to close the gap between experiments and modeling.”
To conduct the research, the team built a custom, liquid-metal printer capable of dispensing tin droplets. Combined with high-speed video, the printer served as an experimental test bed for free-form, droplet-on-demand printing and allowed the team to track detailed droplet dynamics during the ejection process.
A comparison between the experimentally observed ejected droplet shape at break-up (left) and the simulated droplet shape (right) at various operating conditions approaching the experimental conditions. The simulated droplet shape significantly differs from experiments, highlighting the fact that essential physics appear to be missing from the model. Image courtesy of Andy Pascall/LLNL.
The video analysis enabled researchers to build a computational model to simulate the morphology of the metal droplets during ejection, revealing that the drops behave like an extruded “pill” with no tail formation.
The study demonstrates that while LMJ is highly stable and repeatable, it also is extremely challenging to model. In the future, the team plans to explore droplet ejection across a broader range of process parameters and seek greater understanding of the factors impacting droplet shape, breakup, and satellite formation, including thermal effects, wettability, and the role of surface oxides.
The Laboratory Directed Research and Development program funded the work. Co-authors include Victor Beck, Nicholas Watkins, Ava Ashby, Aiden Martin, Phillip Paul, and principal investigator Jason Jeffries.
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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s (LLNL) focus remains as clear as it was when it opened its doors in 1952: ensuring the nation’s security through scientific research and engineering development, responding to new threats in an ever-changing world, and developing new technologies that will benefit people everywhere. At LLNL, physicists, chemists, biologists, engineers, computer scientists, and other researchers work together in multidisciplinary teams to achieve technical innovations and scientific breakthroughs that make possible solutions to critical problems of national and global importance.
